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Model Nuclear
Inventory 2007
Italy
- Amount, Location, and Details of US Nuclear
Weapons Deployment/Storage
- Location and capability of nuclear facilities
- Fissile material holdings
- Nuclear activities
- International non-proliferation efforts
- Positions taken in international fora on
various issues of disarmament
1.
Amount, Location, and Details of US Nuclear Weapon Deployment/Storage
In the mid-1990s, weapons stored at Rimini Air Base were
transferred to Ghedi Torre.
Nuclear Weapons Storage Sites
 http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/euro/euro.pdf
2.
Location and Capability of Nuclear Facilities
Power Reactors
Operational: 0
Shut down: 4
Decommissioned: 0
Under constructon: 0
Planned: 0
http://www.iaea.or.at/programmes/a2/
Research Reactors
Operational: 5
Shut down: 4
Decommissioned: 5
Under construction: 0
Planned: 0
http://www.iaea.or.at/worldatom/rrdb/
About 10% of Italy's electricy comes from imported nuclear
power, as all four of Italy's reactors have been shut down.
Italy also does not have any indigenous commercial reprocessing
or enrichment facilities. It is part of a joint commercial
venture with Belgium, France, and Spain called Eurodif, which
has one production facility in France that produces enriched
uranium for about 100 reactors around the world. As of 2006,
fuel is sent to France for reprocessing.
http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf101.html
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5278806.stm
3.
Fissile Material Holdings
Separated Civil Plutonium end 2003
In country: 0 (unknown)
In other countries: 2.5 tons
Total: 2.5 tons
Estimates 2010-2020: 3 tons
Highly Enriched Uranium end 2003
In country: 0.1-0.2 tons
Supplied by: US
Italy has separated plutonium stored in Britain and France.
The plutonium in Britain resulted from reprocessing contracts
at the Thorp plant. The plutonium in France is in the form
of unirradiated Superphenix fuel. Italy does not have firm
plans to use civil MOX.
http://www.isis-online.org/global_stocks/end2003/plutonium_watch2005.pdf
http://www.isis-online.org/global_stocks/end2003/civil_heu_watch2005.pdf
Radioactive waste disposal
According to a 1999 government plan for decommissioning, three
main goals relating to nuclear waste disposal were outlined:
1) All on-site radioactive waste should be treated and conditioned
within the next ten years with the view to subsequent transport
to a national repository.
2) Site selection and construction of a national repository
for the disposal of low-level waste and intermediate-level
waste should be accomplished within ten years. The site should
also be suitable for the interim storage of long-lived LLW,
ILW and spent fuel, plus residues from former reprocessed
fuel.
3) Decommissioning of nuclear power plants, with a view to
returning the sites to green field status, should be achieved
within the next 20 years.
Currently, approximately 5500 cubic meters of LLW and ILW
and 8,500 cubic metres of HLW are stored in 140 sites in 25
cities around the country. The government was exploring a
possible national repository for LLW and ILW at an abandoned
salt mine near the town of Scanzano Jonico but withdrew after
two weeks of protests by local residents in December 2003.
The government established a commission to select another
site for a national repository. In 2005, the commission decided
the waste should be sent to the UK, but that too was protested.
In November 2006, a bilateral French - Italian agreement cleared
the way for SOGIN to sign a contract with Areva NC for reprocessing
235 tonnes of used fuel now in storage. It is to be shipped
to the Hague between 2007 and 2015 and the wastes are to be
returned after 2020.
http://www.uic.com.au/nip101.htm
http://www.zonanucleare.com/language/english/nuclear_waste_italy-uk.htm
4.
Nuclear Activities
Research Programs
l’ACN Scientific Labs
Centro Ricerche di Casaccia
Centro Ricerche di Frascati
Centro Ricerche di Saluggia
CeSNEF: Centro Studi Nucleari Enrico Fermi
CNR: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
ECT: European Centre for Theoretical Nuclear Physics
Elettra Synchrotron Light Source
Eurotherm
ICTP: International Centre for Theoretical Physics
INFM: Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia
INFN: Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
JRC Ispra Environmental Institute
LNF: Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati
http://www.radwaste.org/research.htm
Nuclear Cooperation
Italy’s nuclear cooperation is mainly through Euratom,
of which it is a founding member. In addition, nuclear cooperation
agreements exist between Belgium, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands,
and Turkey to enable their national air forces to deliver
US nuclear bombs in times of war. http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/euro/euro.pdf
5.
International Non-proliferation Efforts
Italy is also a participant in the G8 Global Partnership
against the spread of weapons and materials of mass destruction,
launched in Kananaskis, Canada 2002.
Treaties Signed and Ratified, date of deposit
Antarctic Treaty, 18 March 1981
APM Convention, 23 April 1999
Biological Weapons Convention, 30 May 1975
Certain Conventional Weapons Convention, 20 January 1995
Chemical Weapons Convention, 8 December 1995
Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty, 1 February 1999
Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material,
13 June 1980
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, 4 May 1975
Outer Space Treaty, 4 May 1972
Seabed Treaty, 3 September 1974
Italy ratified the IAEA Additional Protocol on 30 April 2004.
Multilateral Groups
Australia Group
Conference on Disarmament
Nuclear Suppliers Group
Hague Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation
Missile Technology Control Regime
Proliferation Security Initiative
Wasenaar Arrangement
Zangger Committee
6.
Positions Taken in International Fora on Various Issues of
Nuclear Disarmament
Cooperative Threat Reduction: "CTR is one of
the most significant developments that have taken place in
the past few years in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation.
. . . It refers to the process of international cooperation
and assistance through which a large number of nuclear warheads
and carriers have been destroyed or deactivated and WMD materials
have been eliminated or placed in safe strorage. . . . CTR
has become one of the most important instruments of the European
strategy against the proliferaiton of WMD. . . . not only
do we have to face the problem of negotiating and implementing
disarmament and non-proliferation agreements, we also have
to cope with the additional problem of actually destroying
those weapons." - Statement by H.E. Ambassador
Carlo Trezza to the General Assembly First Committee on Disarmament
and International Security, 10 October 2006. http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/political/1com/1com06/statements/italyoct10.pdf
Thirteen Steps: "A total prohibition of nuclear
weapons through a single multilateral agreement is not around
the corner. A step by step approach is more realistic. The
graduality of the disarmament process was originally contemplated
by Art. VI of the NPT which mentions negotiations on effective
measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at
an early rate and to nuclear disarmament. . . . By agreeing
on 13 practical steps for the systematic and progressive efforts
to implement Art. VI of the NPT and the 1995 decision on 'Principles
and objectives for Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament,'
the international community has acknowledged that the best
way to achieve nuclear disarmament is through a phased approach."
- Statement by H.E. Ambassador Carlo Trezza to the
Conference on Disarmament, 28 February 2006. http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/political/cd/speeches06/28FebItaly.pdf
Nuclear Disarmament and Non-Proliferation: "Nuclear
disarmament is another pillar of the nonproliferation equation
and further progress in this field would be beneficial to
non-proliferation. Vice versa, an aggravated proliferation
situation is detrimental to nuclear disarmament. We deeply
regret that negotiations on an FMCT have not started yet and
that CTBT has not entered-into-force. More could have been
done." - Statement by H.E. Giuseppe Drago to
the Seventh Review Conference of the NPT, 3 May 2005.
http://www.un.org/events/npt2005/statements/npt03italy.pdf
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