Reaching Critical Will

Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

Conference on Disarmament

General Assembly First Committee

UN Disarmament Commission

Special Session on Disarmament

Dirty Dozen Annex

This research was developed in coordination with the Secure World Foundation.

AeroAstro

Though it was founded only in 1988 and employs about 60 people, AeroAstro manages to contribute significantly to the weaponization of space. It specializes in the development of microsatellites and nanospacecraft. One of AeroAstro’s current projects is the Air Force-funded Escort program. Escort satellites carry sensors and lightweight missiles to defend distant satellites against an anti-satellite (ASAT) attack. They can permanently or temporarily disable large satellites that appear threatening. Of course, the technology used to defend against an ASAT attack is the same technology necessary to conduct an ASAT attack, illustrating the fine line between defensive and offensive ASAT systems.

Programs and Products:
- Escort program
- Microsatellites

Headquarters: Ashburn, VA
Website: http://www.aeroastro.com/

Aerojet

Aerojet is a major space and defense contractor specializing in missile and space propulsion and precisicion tactical weapon systems. It works on ramjet and scramjet propulsion for missiles, and is developing combined cycle propulsion for hypersonic cruise and space access applications. Founded in 1942, Aerojet's first product—Jet Assist Take Off rocket motors—provide launch power for US military planes during World War II. During the 1950s and 1960s, Aerojet built the world's largest site for rocket engine development, testing, and production at a facility near Sacramento, California. This site is now Aerojet's headquarters, and is a site of missile and space propulsion operations. In the 1970s and 1980s, Aerojet worked primarily in the field of space electronics, including satellite sensors for weather forecasting and missile detection. It also developed specialized warheads, air-dispensed munitions systems,medium-caliber ammunition, and "smart" weapons for use against tanks and other armored vehicles. In 2001, Aerojet bought General Dynamics' Space Systems and Atlantic Research Corporation, adding to weight to their already heavy hand in the aerospace industry. Today, Aerojet "is well-positioned to benefit from the increased focus on and funding of defense and space programs."

Programs and Products:
- Common Aero Vehicle/Hypersonic Technology Vehicle
- Defense Support Program
- Force Appication and Launch from Continental United States (FALCON)
- Hypersonic Demonstrator Aircraft
- Kinetic Energy Interceptor
- Multiple Kill Vehicle Payload System
- Standard Missile-3
- Terminal High Altitude Area Defense

Headquarters: Sacramento, CA
Website: http://www.aerojet.com/

Aerospace Corporation

Founded in 1960, Aerospace Corporation is a federally-funded research and development center that supports military and commercial space programs. It was created by the US Air Force Ballistic Missile Division to “serve the Air Force in the scientific and technical planning and management of its missile space programs.” In the 1960s to the 1990s, Aerospace supported programs such as the Advanced Ballistic Rentry System, the Defense Satellite Communications Systems, the Defense Support Program, and anti-satellite technology tests. Today, it provides support to the Defense Support Program, the Space Based Infrared System program, the Space Based Surveillance System, the Space Tracking and Surveillance System, and the Airborne Laser program. Aerospace Corporation also evaluates technical and financial implications of emerging military and commercial space launch systems, including the Force Application and Launch from Continental United States (FALCON) program, which is working on the Common Aero Vehicle - now the Hypersonic Technology Vehicle. (See Schafer Corporation for more information on the Hypersonic Technology Vehicle.) Aerospace Corporation has also provided development support for the Operationally Responsive Spacelift, which will allow the US Air Force to rapidly put payload-bearing spacecraft into orbit and maneuver the spacecraft to any point in space.

Programs and Products:
- Airborne Laser
- Common Aero Vehicle/Hypersonic Technology Vehicle
- Defense Support Program
- Force Appication and Launch from Continental United States (FALCON)
- Operationally Responsive Spacelift
- Space Based Infrared System
- Spaced Based Surveillance System
- Space Tracking and Surveillance System

Total Defense Contracts, 1998-2003: $2,494,160,391
Campaign Contributions, 1998-2003: $11,988 (Democrat), $26,995 (Republican)
Headquarters: El Segundo, CA
Website: http://www.aero.org/

Analytical Graphics, Inc.

Analytical Graphics, Inc. provides software to national security and space professionals for integrated analysis of land, sea, air, and space assets. Its products support applications in battlespace management, geospatial intelligence, space systems, and national defense programs, and its software is used in projects such as the Airborne Laser, Terminal High Altitude Area Defense Weapon System, Space Tracking and Surveillance System, and Kinetic Energy Interceptor. The Satellite Tool Kit developed by Analytical Graphics is a program for simulation and visualization of space and missile operations.

Programs and Products:
- Airborne Laser
- Kinetic Energy Interceptor
- Space Tracking and Surveillance System
- Terminal High Altitude Area Defense

Headquarters: Exton, PA
Website: http://www.stk.com/

Andrews Space

Founded in 1999, Andrews Space provides space systems technology for the Department of Defense and NASA. It has worked on projects such as the Operationally Responsive Spacelift, and the Hypersonic Cruise Vehicle, Common Aero Vehicle, and Small Launch Vehicle for the FALCON weapons system.

Programs and Products:
- Common Aero Vehicle/Hypersonic Technology Vehicle
- Hypersonic Cruise Vehicle
- Operationally Responsive Spacelift
- Small Launch Vehicle

Headquarters: Seattle, WA
Website: http://www.andrews-space.com/

Ball Aerospace

Ball Aerospace is owned by Ball Corporation, a metal and plastic packaging supplier. Ball Aerospace was formed in 1956 by a group of scientists from the University of Colorado to build controls for miltary rockets. It was later given a contract to build one of NASA’s first spacecraft, the Orbiting Solar Observatory. Ball now provides imaging, communications, and information technologies to the aerospace defense industry. It is part of Boeing’s Orbital Express team, which intends to demonstrate autonomous techniques for on-orbit refueling, reconfiguration, and repair of satellites. Ball provided Northrop Grumman’s Tactical High Energy Laser team with beam alignment and stabilization assembly. This team has demonstrated that directed energy weapons can successfully track and destroy multiple missies in flight. Ball is also working on Northrop Grumman’s Kinetic Energy Interceptor project and Space Based Surveillance System. It nearly doubled its sales in the last five years, to $672.3 million in sales in 2006, and employs about 3000 people.

Programs and Products:
- Boeing Orbital Express System
- Kinetic Energy Interceptor
- Mobile Tactical High Energy Laser
- Space Based Surveillance System

Headquarters: Boulder, CO
Website: http://www.ballaerospace.com/

Booz Allen Hamilton

Booz Allen is a global consulting firm with more than 18,000 employees on six continents. It is currently conducting a study for the US government on its space industrial base to determine the industry’s capabilities and viability over the next 15 years. Booz Allen also receives contracts for specific missile defense and space weapon projects. For example, it provides performance analysis and systems engineering and integration for Northrop Grumman’s Kinetic Energy Interceptor project, and support on the Missile Defense Agency’s project to test the national missiles defense system.

Programs and Products:
- Ground-based Midcourse Defense System
- Kinetic Energy Interceptor

Total Defense Contracts, 1998-2003: $3,031,707,940
Campaign Contributions, 1998-2003: $43,020 (Democrat), $162,650 (Republican)
Headquarters: McLean, VA
Website: http://www.boozallen.com/

Carlyle Group

Carlyle Group is a private investment firm that “invests in the opporunities created in industries strongly affected by changes in government policies.” It has tred controversial waters since its inception, employing high-profile people with political connections. The Bush family in particular has strong connections to the firm. It has been noted that George W. Bush will be able to benefit financially from his own administration’s decisions, through his father’s investments. Carlyle is the leading private equity investor in the aerospace and defense industries, completing 23 transaction representing a combined purchase total of more than $7.4 billion.

Total Defense Contracts, 1998-2003: $9,334,962,462
Campaign Contributions, 1998-2003: $507,821 (Democrat), $1,132,124 (Republican)
Headquarters: Washington, DC
Website: http://www.carlyle.com/eng/index.html

Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC)

CSC is a major Department of Defense contractor for missile defense engineering, software development, and systems integration, and has held contracts with the Missile Defense Agency since 1988. Under a $250 million contract, CSC engineered the Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense Weapon System software in 2005. The software guides interceptors to incoming ballistic missiles. Currently, Aegis Weapon Systems software is on 68 US Navy cruisers and destroyers stationed around the world, and there are plans to install the system on an additional 18 destroyers. CSC was also contracted to provide scientific, engineering, and technical support to the Ground-based Midcourse Defense program.

Programs and Products:
- Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System
- Ground-based Midcourse Defense System

Total Defense Contracts, 1998-2003: $6,789,832,719
Campaign Contributions, 1998-2003: $91,540 (Democrat), $243,900 (Republican)
Headquarters: El Segundo, CA
Website: http://www.csc.com/

Davidson Technologies Inc.

Founded in 1996, Davidson Technologies provides management, technical, and engineering services to the government and to missile defense prime contractors such as Boeing, Lockheed Martin, and Raytheon. The President of Davidson Technologies, Dr. Julian Davidson, was the first Director of the Advanced Ballistic Missile Defense Agency responsible for all US ballistic missile defense advanced technology development. After leaving the government, he held management positions with Science Applications International Corporation and Booz Allen Hamilton. He was also a chairman of the Technology Assessment Committee of the US Space Command.

Programs and Products:
- Kinetic Energy Interceptor
- Medium Extended Air Defense System
- Miniature Kill Vehicle
- Patriot Advanced Capability-3 Missile
- Space Based Infrared System
- Terminal High Altitude Area Defense Weapon System

Headquarters: Huntsville, AL
Website: http://www.davidson-tech.com/

Honeywell

Honeywell Space Systems designs, developes, and produces control systems and subsystems for satellites, launch vehicles, missile defense, and strategic missiles. As a component supplier for various defense projects, Honeywell’s products include navigation systems for satellites, electronics, satellite launchers, and missile defense boosters. It has participated in many Boeing and Orbital Sciences missile defense projects, and hopes to extend into the Japanese missile defense industry. With over $1 billion in space- and missile defense-related sales per year, Honeywell is the largest non-prime contractor in the aerospace industry.

Programs and Products:
- Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense
- Airborne Laser
- Boeing Orbital Express System
- Ground-based Midcourse Defense System
- Space-Based Infrared System
- Standard Missile-3

Total Defense Contracts, 1998-2003: $6,135,622,361
Campaign Contributions, 1998-2003: $348,577 (Democrat), $809,134 (Republican)
Headquarters: Phoenix, AZ
Website: http://www.honeywell.com/

L-3 Communications

L-3 is a prime contractor in command, control, and communications, and surveillance and reconnaissance for many industries, including missile defense. It provides sensor and instrumentation design, system integration, and aircraft modification to the US ballistic missile defense system. In 2001, L-3 purchased Coleman Research, which specializes in making targets that are used to simulate incoming warheads in missile defense tests. In 2005, L-3 absorbed Titan Corporation, which is an IT firm that, among other things, produces targeting systems for missile defense. This acquition made L-3 the sixth largest defense contractor in the US.

Programs and Products:
- Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense
- Ground-based Midcourse Defense System
- Standard Missile-3
- Vertical Launching System

Total Defense Contracts, 1998-2003: $5,233,392,435
Campaign Contributions, 1998-2003: $155,850 (Democrat). $185,710 (Republican)
Headquarters: New York, NY
Website: http://www.l-3.com; http://www.titan.com/

Microcosm, Inc.

Established in 1984, Microcosm is a space systems engineering firm that specializes in reducing space mission costs. Microcosm developed the Scorpius family of liquid-fueled small rockets for the Pentagon under a $25 million per year contract. Microcosm’s Sprite Mini-Lift vehicle, part of the Scorpius family, is designed to be launched on eight hours’ notice. US Air Force Brig. Gen. Simon “Pete” Worden, who is in charge of briefing the Pentagon on this initiative, has said that small communication and reconnaissance satellites, and weapons for striking in space or on the ground, are among the possible payloads for quick reaction launchers such as Sprite. It is contracted to develop a Small Launch Vehicle for the FALCON program.

Programs and Products:
- Force Application and Launch from Continental United States (FALCON)
- Small Launch Vehicle

Headquarters: El Segundo, CA
Website: http://www.smad.com/ns/nsframessr3.html

MicroSat Systems, Inc.

Founded in 2001, MicroSat is a small business that designs, builds, integrates, tests, and operates satellites. It also builds spacecraft subsystems, such as data storage and solar arrays. MicroSat's primary focus is on small satellite systems that enable multiple satellites to be launched as secondary payloads on larger launch vehicles, or single satellites on smaller space launch vehicles, for one quarter to one tenth the cost of launching conventional satellites.

Programs and Products:
- Microsatellites

Headquarters: Littleton, CO
Website: http://www.microsatsystems.com/

Miltec Corporation

Miltec specializes in the design, development, integration, and testing of missiles and aerospace technologies. Miltecs’ Kinetic Warhead Evaluation is computer code that predicts damage to a ballistic missile payload from interaction with a Kinetic Energy Weapon. Miltec also provides a variety of optics and electronics analysis, design, integration, and test capabilities for infrared systems and lasers, supporting various segments of the US missile defense system.

Programs and Products:
- Kinetic Energy Interceptor
- Ground-based Midcourse Defense System

Headquarters: Huntsville, AL
Website: http://www.miltecmissiles.com/

Octant Technologies

Since 1997, Octant has provided engineering services to aerospace companies and the US government on all aspects of control systems design, simulation, and implementation, with an emphasis on spacecraft systems. Octant was responsible for the flight software, mission simulator, and onboard guidance, navigation, and control for both the [Experimental Spacecraft System] XSS-10 and XSS-11 projects.

Programs and Products:
- Experimental Spacecraft System-10 (XSS-10)
- Experimental Spacecraft System-11 (XSS-11)

Headquarters: San Jose, CA
Website: http://www.octanttech.com/

Orbital Sciences Corporation

Orbital was founded in 1982 to “make space technology more affordable, accessible, and useful to millions of people on Earth.” Since then, Orbital has helped develop space technology that endangers civil space assets and makes outer space less accessible to people on Earth. Over the last ten years, Orbital has provided launch vehicles for various US missile defense systems, including the Kinetic Energy Interceptor program, the Experimental Satellite System-11 (XSS-11), and the Space-Based Surveillance System. Orbital also built the Orbital Boost Vehicle, which is used in the Ground-based Midcourse Defense system. It is designed to intercept and destroy long-range enemy missiles while they are in flight. Orbital also designs, builds, and launches target vehicles for programs such as the Patriot Advanced Capability-3 (PAC-3) Missile, the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense Weapon System, the Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense Program, and Lightweight Exoatmospheric Projectile Intercept missile defense programs. Target vehicles are “threat simulators” used to test missile defense systems. Orbital also designed, built, and launched the Demonstration of Autonomous Rendezvous Technology space vehicle under a $47 million NASA contract. The technology developed here will allow spacecraft to rendezvous with other spacecraft without human interaction. As with the XSS-11 microsatellite, the capacity that enables spacecraft to maneuver around others to service them can also allow it to destroy them. The debris created by such collisions cluters outer space and inadvertently destroys other space assets. With its range of products, Orbital isn’t really making space affordable to “millions of people” so much as it is capitalizing on the global space market, which exceeds billions of dollars each year.

Programs and Products:
- Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense
- Demonstration of Autonomous Rendezvous Technology
- Experimental Satellite System-11 (XSS-11)
- Ground-based Midcourse Defense System
- Kinetic Energy Interceptor
- Lightweight Exoatmospheric Projectile Intercept
- Orbital Boost Vehicle
- Patriot Advanced Capability-3 (PAC-3) Missile
- Space-Based Surveillance System
- Terminal High Altitude Area Defense Weapon System

Total Defense Contracts, 1998-2003: $606,017,074
Campaign Contributions, 1998-2003: $47,500 (Democrat), $313,948 (Republican)
Headquarters: Dulles, VA
Website: http://www.orbital.com/

Rafael Armament Development Authority Ltd.

Rafael is a former subdivision of the Isralie Ministry of Defense and is considered a governmental firm. Rafael’s space systems division develops and manufactures propulsion systems for micro- and minisatellites. Rafael has partnered with Raytheon to develop a missile defense interceptor for the Israel Defense Forces. The design for the kinetic energy interceptor is based on Lockheed Martin’s PAC-3 missile. The partnership allows Raytheon to ensure the interceptor is compatible with the US military’s missile defense systems, thus providing the US with a low-cost air defense option for the future.

Programs and Products:
- Israeli Short Range Missile Defense program
- Microsatellites

Headquarters: Haifa, Israela
Website: http://www.rafael.co.il/

Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC)

SAIC does everything from intelligence gathering to missile defense studies to Iraq-related work for the Pentagon. A research and engineering company, SAIC works on national and homeland security projects as well as having its hands in energy, environment, space, telecommunications, health care and logistics contracts. About two-thirds of its contracts come from the federal government. They do not do windows.

The company is proud to be “employee-owned.” For some of us that conjures up images of cooperative bookshops, cafes and the Green Bay Packers. But for SAIC “employee-owned” means no investor scrutiny, less public information and limited government accountability. The company boasted more than $7 billion in revenues in 2004 and employees 43,000 people in 150 cities, according to their press releases.

In 2000, the San Diego based company drew in $1.5 billion in Pentagon contracts, making it the 10th largest recipient of military dollars. In 2004, SAIC was number 8, with $2.5 billion in contracts. The one word explanation for a billion dollar increase over four years? Iraq.

Iraq, SAIC’s Stomping Grounds
Along with the Lincoln Group and SYColeman, SAIC was recently awarded a 5-year $300 million contract to boost the U.S. image abroad. The three companies (including Lincoln, which made headlines in the last few months for their $100 million contract with the Pentagon to write articles favorable to the U.S. occupation and place them in Iraqi newspapers bearing Iraqi bylines) will develop slogans, advertisements, newspaper articles, radio spots and TV programs aimed at building support for US policies overseas.

According to a June 18, 2005 San Diego Union Tribune article, the propaganda effort will target “higher threat areas such as Iraq and Lebanon” and will be aimed at garnering “support for U.S. government policies and objectives in foreign countries among foreign audiences.” Not only will SAIC and the other companies generate media, they also plan to distribute “novelty items” like t-shirts and bumper stickers.

This is not SAIC’s first foray into the world of international propaganda. In 2003, the company was awarded a no-bid contract from Joint Psychological Operations Support, a wing of the Pentagon, to run the Iraqi Free Media Program. Handpicked to head the $80 million program by L. Paul Bremer (then-head of the Coalition Provisional Authority), the company has no news operations experience. Investigators from the Pentagon later found that the network- which included television, radio and newspapers- was mismanaged and opted not to renew SAIC’s contract.

In the lead up to the U.S. invasion, SAIC got to contract to help establish the Iraqi Reconstruction and Development Council. This group of about 150 Iraqi-born U.S. citizens came to Baghdad in May 2003 to serve as the “Iraqi face” of the occupation authority. There they were groomed for leadership of 23 key Iraqi ministries after the invasion and occupation of Iraq. Members of the IRDC were officially employed by SAIC because, as a Pentagon spokesperson explained, it was better to have them working out of SAIC's offices prior to the U.S. intervention because it would be awkward if they had Pentagon phone numbers. The IRDC was dissolved along with the Coalition Provisional Authority when “sovereignty” was turned over to Iraq.

The company is also a subcontractor on Vinnell’s bid to train Iraqi police and security forces. The $48 million sole-source contract was awarded in June 2003 to Vinnell, a subsidiary of military behemoth Northrop Grumman. Under the contract, Vinnell was given a year to train nine 900-troop battalions for the Iraqi army, with an option to train all 27 battalions if it performed well. Two and a half years later, the training of Iraqi security forces remains an unfinished problem at which the Pentagon throws money.

Deep Ties to Washington
Duane Andrews, a SAIC executive vice president and chief operating officer is a former Pentagon official, who oversaw CIA budgets as assistant secretary of defense. In February 2005, SAIC’s vice president Christopher Ryan Henry took a trip through Washington’s revolving door, entering the Pentagon’s E-Ring as a senior policy official.

Former SAIC CEO Wayne Downing, a retired army general and former head of Special Operations Command, has his own connections to Iraq as a former lobbyist for the Ahmed Chalabi’s Iraqi National Congress. He left SAIC to take Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld up on an offer to assessing SOC and offer suggestions for improving the force. Ken C. Dahlberg replaced Downing as CEO.

David Kay served as a SAIC vice president until October 2002. There he coordinated homeland security and counter-terrorism initiatives, going so far as to claim that Iraq could launch a terror attack at the U.S. mainland. But, the siren call of public service proved to be too much for this former United Nations weapons inspector. Kay left SAIC to head the CIA’s Iraq Survey Group, a U.S. effort to discredit UN inspections in Iraq and track down weapons of mass destruction.

Gold Plated Flashlights and Other Projects
In March 2005, SAIC announced a contract from DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) to deliver 800 prototype flashlights to U.S. troops in Iraq and Afghanistan. The news release did not mention a price on the contract, but these “high performance” flashlights come with a lot of bells and whistles, including high intensity illumination, dimmable light output, and “O-ring” seals to keep out moisture and dust.

The company has its hands full with other projects as well. In collaboration with Boeing, SAIC is working on the Future Combat System, a massive $92 billion undertaking to revolutionize how soldiers in combat areas receive and act on intelligence. FCS will integrate ground vehicles, sensors and reconnaissance aircraft and link them with ground troops by satellite.

SAIC had a $300 million contract with the Greek government to provide security infrastructure during the 2004 Olympics in Athens.

The above portion of the SAIC report was compiled by Frida Berrigan of the Arms Trade Resource Center of the World Policy Institute in January 2007 for the War Resisters League's WIN Magazine.

Aerospace Contributions
SAIC’s involvement with the aerospace industry ranges from space station and shuttle safety contracts with NASA to engineering and software contracts with private companies and US government agencies on missile defense and space weapon technology. SAIC worked on both the Experimental Spacecraft Satellite-10 and –11 (XSS-10 and XSS-11) microsatellites, developed by Boeing and Lockheed Martin respectively. SAIC is also a systems engineering subcontractor on the Kinetic Energy Interceptor project. In 2004, SAIC was given an $18 million extention on their contract from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to conduct a study into the feasibility of integrating NATO’s various missile defense systems. Not surprisingly, after determining that the integration was possible, SAIC received a $95 million contract to design and operate the integration procedures. Duane P. Andrews, Executive Vice-President of SAIC, was part of Rumsfeld’s commission on national security uses of space. This commission argued the US should avoid international agreements that limit the deployment of weapons in space, and that the US needs to “develop the capability for power projection in, from, and through space.” SAIC’s missile defense contracts more than tripled between 2001 and 2004, from $47 million to $169 million.

Programs and Products:
- Experimental Spacecraft Satellite-10 (XSS-10)
- Experimental Spacecraft Satellite-11 (XSS-11)
- Kinetic Energy Interceptor

Defense Contracts, 1998-2003: $10,598,835,883
Campaign Contributions, 1998-2003: $773,913 (Democrat), $1,339,501 (Republican)
Headquarters: San Diego, CA
Website: http://www.saic.com/

SI International

SI provides information technology and networking solutions to the US military in areas of space and missile defense systems engineering, military satellite communications, command and control systems, and net-centric warfare technology. It’s goal is to design integrated information systems that can “extend US dominance in the exploitation of space.” Customers include the Missile Defense Agency, Air Force Space Command, and NORAD.

Programs and Products:
- Ground-based Midcourse Defense System

Headquarters: Reston, VA
Website: http://www.si-intl.com/

Space Development Corporation (SpaceDev)

SpaceDev, founded in 1997, designs, manufactures, markets, and operates micro- and nanosatellites, hybrid rocket-based orbital manueuvering and orbital transfer vehicles, and sub-orbital and orbital hybrid rocket-based propulsion systems. SpaceDev has been awarded contracts by NASA, Boeing, the Missile Defense Agency, and the US Air Force.

Programs and Products:
- Microsatellites

Headquarters: Poway, CA
Website: http://www.spacedev.com/

Space Exploration Technologies Corporation (SpaceX)

SpaceX is developing a family of launch vehicles that will “reduce the cost and increase the reliability of space assets”. Established in 2002 by the founder of PayPal and Zip2 Corporation, SpaceX has already developed two launch vehicles and been awarded a $100 million contract to launch satellites on its Falcon rockets for the US Air Force’s DARPA/FALCON program. It is also contracted to develop a Small Launch Vehicle for FALCON.

Programs and Products:
- Force Application and Launch from Continental United States (FALCON)
- Small Launch Vehicle

Headquarters: El Segundo, CA
Website: http://www.spacex.com/

Surrey Satellite Technology Limited (SSTL)

SSTL was formed in 1985 by the University of Surrey to commercialize the results of its small satellite engineering research. It has taken part in 23 small satellite missions, from concept development to in-orbit operations. In 2000, SSTL built SNAP-1, a nanosatellite capable of “inspecting” other satellites in-orbit – in testing, SNAP-1 came within nine meters of another satellite and took pictures. SSTL insists its satellites are for peaceful uses only, “although its collaboration with the Chinese government on the 2000 mission has raised a few eyebrows among US military officials, prompting some to speculate on whether China is secretly developing ‘parasitic satellites’ as space weapons.”

Programs and Products:
- Microsatellites

Headquarters: Guildford, UK (University of Surrey)
Website: http://www.sstl.co.uk/

These profiles were researched and compiled by Ray Acheson of Reaching Critical Will
in coordination with the Secure World Foundation.